PQQ, also known as pyrroloquinoline quineone（CAS No.: 72909-34-3）, is produced by Gram-negative bacteria. It has a wide range of nutritional effects on microorganisms, animals and plants, and has antioxidant nutrients.
Function of PQQ
1. Extensive nutritional functions
PQQ has a wide range of nutritional nourishment functions, which will be summarized from three aspects: microorganisms, plants and animals.
(1) PQQ promotes the growth of microorganisms
PQQ can only be synthesized by G-bacteria, so it is essential for the survival and growth of certain microorganisms. PQQ promotes the growth of microorganisms in two ways: (1) shorten the sluggish period of the bacteria, play the same role as growth factors, accelerate the growth of the bacteria in a concentration-dependent manner, and increase the yield of the bacteria; (2) only shorten the sluggishness of the bacteria During the period, the growth rate of bacterial cells is not accelerated.
(2) PQQ promotes plant growth
In 1988, Xiong et al. reported for the first time that PQQ can stimulate the germination of lily pollen, and later studies found that PQQ can also stimulate the pollen germination of tea, lily musk, camellia and tulip. They believe that the mode of stimulating pollen germination by PQQ is roughly the same as that of stimulating the growth of microorganisms, that is, the purpose of stimulating plant growth is achieved by shortening the growth stagnation period.
Chinese scholars have found that PQQ can promote tobacco seed germination, increase lipase activity and seed respiration rate. PQQ can also promote the growth of plants by promoting the synthesis of auxin and cytokinin, and promoting gene regulation at the molecular level, thereby increasing plant cell metabolism.
During the booting stage and the period of vigorous growth and metabolism at the peak of winter wheat flower degradation, spraying PQQ can increase the chlorophyll content in the leaves, accelerate the photosynthesis of the plant, and increase the activities of alanine aminotransferase and nitrate reductase, thereby regulating the physiological metabolic function of the plant, which is beneficial Improve plant nutrient supply, reduce the abortion of florets in the ear, and increase the seed setting rate of wheat ears.
(3) PQQ affects the growth and reproduction of animals
For animals, even if it cannot be produced endogenously, PQQ is also an essential nutritional factor.
Lack of PQQ can lead to poor growth and development of mice and decreased fertility: the number of litters of female mice is only half of that of female mice with PQQ in their diet, and half of the offspring of female mice lacking PQQ will not survive the weaning period (4 weeks).
As far as the human body is concerned, only human cell experiments have proved that PQQ stimulates the growth of human fibroblasts, and the stimulating effect is related to the measurement. When the PQQ concentration is low (0.003~0.03 /L), it effectively stimulates the DNA synthesis, replication, and cell division of fibroblasts tested in vitro; when the PQQ concentration is very high (>300μ/L), it inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cells Death degradation. Therefore, in the human body, PQQ and glycine combine to produce oxazole (oxazole is non-toxic) as a reserve. When the body needs PQQ, the two dissociate.
2. Antioxidant function
The production and elimination of various free radicals in organisms should be in a dynamic balance, that is, the free radicals in the body should always be maintained at a certain level. Too much or too little free radicals are not good for the body. When too much, it will promote the body's aging and cause various diseases, including cancer, heart disease, etc.; when too little, it will also affect health and even hinder normal metabolism or induce another type of disease. PQQ prevents the body from oxidative damage through the following mechanisms.
(1) The free PQQ in animal cell tissues and body fluids exists in quinone, hydroquinone and semiquinone forms. It can catalyze the mutual conversion of oxygen and O2-, thereby helping the body maintain the balance of free radicals.
(2) PQQ combines with superoxide dismutase (SOD) to form a broad-spectrum hydrogen peroxide-producing oxidase system to inhibit the damage of superoxide anion free radicals to cells: SOD acts as an apoenzyme protein, and PQQ acts as a non-covalent binding. The redox prosthetic group.
(3) PQQ accelerates the "NAD+→NADH" reaction, and converts the used oxidized glutathione (GSSG) into reduced glutathione (GSH) faster.
PQQ itself also has a strong ability to scavenge the free radicals, which is equivalent to 50-100 times that of ascorbic acid.
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