Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide compound containing a sulfhydryl group, consisting of glutamic acid, cysteine, and glycine. Among them, cysteine is the rate-limiting substance for the production of glutathione. Sufficient supplementation Cysteine helps increase the body's glutathione.
Glutathione has important physiological activities in the human body, such as activating the redox system, activating thiolase, and detoxification. Clinically, glutathione is used in the treatment and adjuvant therapy of various diseases, including chemotherapy patients, radiation therapy patients, various hypoxemia, liver diseases and drug toxicity.
Glutathione is an important antioxidant in cells. During oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria of cells, the respiratory chain of the ATP production process leaks electrons to form the free radical ROS. Cells have their own antioxidants, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT). Glutathione simplifies the process of removing ROS free radicals in cells. When superoxide (O2-) of free radicals appears, the first thing to guard is SOD, which converts superoxide into less toxic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). ), then GPx (with glutathione as a substrate) and CAT convert the hydrogen peroxide into harmless oxygen and water molecules. This is the antioxidant process that neutralizes free radicals in cells.
Glutathione is continuously oxidized and reduced in cells, and reduced glutathione (GSH) is converted into oxidized glutathione (GSSG) after producing antioxidant effects in cells. GSH is oxidized under the enzymatic action of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), while neutralizing free radical H2O2 to form harmless water and oxygen molecules. While GSSG is rapidly reduced to GSH under the action of glutathione reductase (GR), the ratio of GSH/GSSG in cells shows the oxidative stress state of cells. Since too much GSSG is cytotoxic, the GSSG that cannot be reduced rapidly is sent out. cells, causing the reduction of glutathione in the cells, and increasing the reduced glutathione in the cells helps reduce oxidative stress.
Oxidative stress is the result of an imbalance between the production and scavenging of oxygen free radicals in cells, leading to human aging and metabolic diseases, autoimmune diseases and mental health problems. Glutathione cooperates with other antioxidants to achieve antioxidant effects. For example, vitamin E neutralizes lipid oxides, and oxidized vitamin E is reduced by vitamin C, while glutathione reduces and oxidizes vitamin C, making vitamin C And vitamin E can be recycled to produce antioxidant effects. While increasing vitamin C and vitamin E cannot directly increase GSH, they can share the antioxidant effect of glutathione, increase the ratio of GSH/GSSG, and reduce oxidative stress.
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